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Saturday, March 31, 2012

Milah U'Priah B'Vas Achas

The title refers to removing the foreskin and the membrane below it in one action. There are different ways to do this:
  • My teacher, Rabbi Mordechai Sasson, would often grab the foreskin with his fingers and remove all of the membrane along with it, alleviating any need to tear the membrane or otherwise remove it.
  • Others accomplish the same task with the help of an instrument called a "hemostat"
  • Still others do what Rabbi Sasson did, except they only remove part of the membrane. The remaining membrane is then torn apart with the fingernails (which can be gloved, if the gloves are thin) and folded back beyond the corona of the glans. This third approach does not completely remove the membrane as do the first two methods described.
I recently had someone ask me why I follow the second approach listed, especially in light of my training. Following the advice of one of my teachers, who is of the opinion that the fewer things needed to be done to a baby (as in "cut once" as opposed to "cut and then tear") the better, I have opted to act in accordance with the approach advocated by Rabbi Moshe Feinstein in his responsa on this subject. The most clear cut analysis is in YD 3:98 (as noted below), in which he quotes this - from the Geonic Period:

תשובות הגאונים שערי צדק חלק ג שער ה סימן ו

       רב האיי ז"ל. (גם זו הועתקה) דע כי זה החוק יש בבבל מהיו' שנים רבות: שמושך המוהל את הערלה ומפסיק הקליפה התחתונה בידו כדרך שהם יודעין עד שהיא נפסקת, ומאבד אותה עם הערלה, וחותך אותה בבת אחת. ואם אינה נסדקת ונפסקת באצבע או בצפרנו, יהיה לו סרן הנקרא בלשון ערבי מדור ופוסק בו וחותך הכל בבת אחת ושפיר דאמי. ואין ראוי לחתוך בשני פעמים, אבל ראוי להיות מילה ופריעה בבת אחת וכשנעשות שתיהן יצא. +(שבת קל"ג קל"ז, י"ד רסד ג' ד')+ עד הנה.
Rabbi Feinstein even writes that when he first discussed this topic he had not yet seen (or known about) the passage I just reproduced above (knowledge of which I only have from reading Rabbi Feinstein's letter), but since his halakha analysis brought him to the same conclusion, it is clear that it is a proper practice to remove the foreskin and membrane together.

Every person has the ability to educate oneself about the methods out there, and choose what works best for you. You can hire a mohel telling him exactly what you want him to do, and see if he will accommodate your wishes based on his comfort level. And if it doesn't work in either direction, don't hire the man. But by no means get upset because he has his way and you have yours. And both are fine, produce fine circumcisions, and leave baby no worse for wear with either method - it is merely a question of whether one believes one way is either better than the other, more halakhically advocated, or more vs. less painful to the baby.

I do believe other things - more globally - are worth getting upset over in the process of bris milah, such as the stories that come my way when talking to people I  have just met about their experiences when they had their sons circumcised in different places and with different mohels. Thank God, most people do not have stories like these, and they are fairly uncommon, but I hear enough firsthand stories to know that they happen: mohels damaging babies, babies who lose a lot of blood and/or need to go to the hospital post-bris, of mohels who operate without gloves and who make a huge mess.

Essentially, as Phil Sherman has said it here (last paragraph), any mohel story that causes another Jew to pursue the doctor route before the baby's eighth day of life, or to choose the doctor over the ritual completely, or to forego the bris altogether, is cause enough to be upset over the disregard being fomented towards this mitzvah.

HAVING SAID ALL THIS, I AM PRODUCING THE FOLLOWING RESPONSUM FOR THE BENEFIT OF ALL THOSE INTERESTED IN THIS SUBJECT.
To the best of my knowledge, Rabbi Moshe Feinstein had three responsa on this subject. YD 1:155, 3:98, and 4:40. I am indebted to an anonymous commenter for pointing out this last one, which I am producing below, preceded by my translation of it, and commentary embedded between the "quotation indentations." Some of the points made by Rav Moshe which highlight my position have been emphasized in bold.

*******************
On the topic of Milah and Priah at the same time, and using anesthesia on the baby (numbing) at the time of circumcision. This response is the last big response that Rav Moshe wrote in his own handwriting. During this time, his vision was deteriorating (it should not happen to anyone), and after this response, the writing of which was very difficult for him, he only wrote short response. 15 Elul 5744, New York To [many superlatives] Rabbi Shabsi/[tai?] Frankel, etc.
 It's surprising about the letter the Rabbi wrote, which is dated 16 MarCheshvan 5743, because it has been more than 1 year and 8 months since it was written, and in all this time, I have seen the illustrious rabbi a number of times, and he never mentioned anything about the letter he had written. Nonetheless it has appeared. And now that the letter has been found, and it's a matter of Torah, I have the responsibility to respond. In particular because it is a matter that is halakha l'mayseh (quite relevant) and on the topic of the mitzvah of bris milah, which is very important, as the Talmud Nedarim (31b) explains.
 1. Is there a concern when the foreskin and the priah membrane are removed at the same time with a knife of "changing the way the mitzvah is fulfilled"?
 [Answer] What the rabbi has seen in America that the cutting of the foreskin, [along with] the membrane that is a thinner skin – the mohel did this in one cut with his knife. This is done through the insertion of a blunt thick needle [a probe], which he uses to separate the thin skin, which is the membrane, from the glans. 

Rav Moshe is describing the method used by many mohels to separate the membrane from the glans in order to assist in the removal of the membrane, which would otherwise remain stuck to and coating the entire penis  when the foreskin is removed.
The two skins [foreskin and membrane] were then attached, and he excised them together in one action. I was asked this question in 5714 (1954), and my answer was published in YD I:155, that according to the law there is no difference: not in the cutting of the foreskin or the cutting of the membrane with regard to what they use to do it.The mitzvah of milah is to remove the two skins that cover the glans (to the edge of the corona), which are the foreskin and the membrane. The definition of priah is "revealing," as Rashi explained at the end of Rabbi Eliezer D'Milah (Shabbat137b, s"v para). And there is no difference as to how this is accomplished.But, since the membrane is thin and attached to the glans, and it is impossible in practical terms, to cut it in a simple cutting of the foreskin, and it even can not [be cut] by itself [meaning, when the foreskin has already been removed and the membrane alone remains] unless one tears it with fingernails to fold it back from on the glans; and because it is so thin there is no need to cut it, rather they just fold it back beyond the corona, and it sticks to the skin of the shaft in that spot and becomes part of the shaft.
Rav Moshe is describing the third method I described at the beginning of this posting. 
It is not part of the skin of the foreskin - which is thicker – for were one to do the same thing with the foreskin, to fold it back and have it stick below the corona, it would be quite clear that this is the original foreskin stuck back there. And maybe, when the circumcision is done this way [folding back extra foreskin] he did not fulfill the mitzvah of bris milah because it will look like it was never cut, because the skin is still there, except that it has changed its location on the organ.
The mitzvah is to circumcise yourselves (Genesis 17:10), which means to completely cut off all that is recognized as that skin. And every word "Milah" at the end of parshat Lekh Lekha and Tazria refers to a cutting.
This implies that for the foreskin itself, a real cutting is required. But the membrane, which is a thin skin, which gets stuck and becomes part of the shaft itself and can no longer be recognized, it is good enough if it was not cut and was just folded back and set below//beyond the glans in the shaft – even though it gets stuck there and we are aware of it.
While technically speaking Rav Moshe is obviously correct, in practical terms, I have examined many babies (in the dozens), whose parents had a concern that they did not look circumcised. In very few cases it was because not enough skin was removed. In most of the cases, not enough membrane was removed, too much was folded behind the glans, beyond the corona as Rav Moshe describes, and it became a very puffy and unsightly ring of skin which climbed its way on the glans giving the baby an uncircumcised-look. It is this concern that causes me to leave behind as little membrane as possible in most circumstances, and to leave a little more for the babies who need it to fill in the shaft.
It's also possible that it's a "Halakah L'Moshe MiSinai," [namely] that the foreskin needs to have a complete excision, and none of it whatsoever should remain on the organ, not even on some other part of the organ (relocated), but this would not be the case with the membrane. 
It is not a Halakha L'Moshe MiSinai that the membrane needs to be completely removed
There is a difference between the membrane and the foreskin, and there is a difference to the law from the decree of the Torah, from the law from Sinai, since this is what was the practice "l'mayseh" [for] many generations.
The practice for many generations was to remove the entire foreskin, and either to remove the membrane or to leave some of it behind.
Nonetheless, this is certainly not to suggest there is a mitzvah to specifically leave the membrane on the body, even in some other place [ie relocated to below the glans]. It is certain that if a mohel removed the membrane, leaving nothing behind, there is nothing lacking in the [fulfillment of] the mitzvah. If he's not adding pain to the baby. 
On this last comment, the question becomes one of perception: what is more painful to the baby - a hemostat and one cut? or a cut and a grab and tear of the membrane? Jury is out on that one...
And what it says in the Midrash Shochar Tov (and in Midrash Tehillim 35:2 it only mentions [a mitzvah done with] fingernails regarding using them to reflect the light at havdalah, but the text in Yalkut Shimoni Tehillim 723 it mentions fingernails for priah) it says fingernails are for priah, this is not meant to establish an obligation to do it this way. 
In other words don't use conflicting midrashim which ascribe different purposes for the fingernails, in order to  determine a halakha related to fingernails and their use in a bris.
It's only because it was the practice of mohels in all the generations with fingernails, because that way was easier to do, and it also healed better than when [priah was] done with a knife. That's why it was done with fingernails.
This idea of it being done with the fingernails "in all generations" means that "If after the foreskin is removed there is still a membrane on the penis, the best way to remove that membrane is with a fingernail and not a knife." The knife, in that specific circumstance, is too big, too dangerous, and can't do as good a job, or as quick a job, as a fingernail. Of course, if the membrane is gone, it is a moot point. [Hmmm... but what if a mohel has more than just a knife available to use, such as a hemostat which might grab the membrane better than a fingernail...?]
But if one sees that that the membrane is also excised with the knife, it is simple, in my humble opinion, that he is yotze [has fulfilled the mitzvah properly].And this is true even if it was done in two acts – cutting the foreskin and cutting the membrane.
And even on shabbos, two [separate] acts are permitted, even when there is a greater expert who can do them both [milah and priah, that is] in one act [of cutting]
I see. Doing it in two acts is permitted, even if a "greater expert who can do both in one act" is available. So the "greater expert" is the one who can do both in one act!
And this expert I refer to is one who is an expert in the simple cutting of the foreskin – that he can excise all of the foreskin along with some of the membrane, because this makes it much easier for the person doing priah to grab the membrane.
But many mohelim are not able to do this: when they remove the foreskin they get nothing of the membrane. And then to go back with the knife and cut part of the membrane is extremely difficult, and they need to find a way to begin the cutting of the membrane, which is really a thin/delicate skin.
The second guy, the one standing by to cut the membrane, needs to do it with his fingernails and not a knife, because it is difficult to ascertain that he will only cut the thin membrane with the knife [and not, chas v'shalom, a part of the glans], unless he says he is an absolutely expert mohel. And even then we don't rely on him.
What if he is not using a knife, Rav Moshe? What if he is using a hemostat and blunt-ended scissors to cut the membrane - in which the safety concern that a knife raises is removed with this blunt instruments?
But in the first place, one should hire a mohel who can assure that when he removes the foreskin he also touches the end of the membrane, so that the priah will be relatively easy to do, with as little pain to the baby as possible.
But with regard to the fulfillment of the mitzvah of milah, there is no distinction in the cutting of both skins together, because if both [meaning neither] skins are not removed from the organ, it is nothing [IOW, not even considered a bris], whereas if both skins are removed from the organ it is a fulfillment of the mitzvah of milah.
The one distinction is that the foreskin needs to be removed completely from the organ, but with regard to priah, when it is moved off the glans and placed [still attached] below the corona there is that distinction because that can be done with the membrane but cannot be done with the foreskin.
[Even in this last point I wonder, because I have been in the operating room observing a reconstruction of the penis where the entire organ needed to be drawn out of the webbing that held it inside the scrotum, and the doctor needed to use the foreskin to reconstruct the penis. In other words, what was once the foreskin is now part of the scrotum, and most of us would never notice it or know it were we to see it. Does this mean this child is not considered circumcised? His penis looks 100% circumcised... For his sake I hope it's fine, because taking away that now-part-of-his-shaft foreskin would destroy his penis.)

[I included the rest of this - which does not translate the entire answer - simply because the point is a good tag to this posting about numbing.
2. The reason we don't use anesthesia on the baby before the circumcision
 With regard to what Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach wrote on 23 Cheshvan 5743 that in the act we are careful not to change a practice, even if [the old practice] is not a preferred way to do it.
He said [for example]:
We do not change how metzitzah is done, even though nowadays we have better mediums [tools] which are much easier and better than [classic] metzitzah, and we also do it on shabbos, even though it contains the issue of [it being] melakha.
It seems from here that Rav Shlomo Zalman was of the opinion that a tube for metzitzah was a better method than the mouth, and that doing metzitzah on shabbos is a melakha! He allows the old ways (no pipette and doing it on shabbos) as a nod to the days of old. But his personal view of the more ancient practices is that "they are not better."
 And he also said that the reason we don't use anesthetic on the baby to prevent him from feeling discomfort, is because we don't want to do any changes in how this mitzvah is done, even though it would seem there is no real suspicion because there is no indication [that this is changing the mitzvah.]
 But, you should know, that the real reason we don't use anesthetic is because anesthesia is not healthy for babies. It's also not good for older people. But the older people take the anesthesia because they specifically request it, because they'd much prefer to be numb [and deal with the risks that come with anesthesia] than to feel the pain of having skin removed without numbing. But the choice we make for children is most influenced by our concern for their wellbeing….

שו"ת אגרות משה יורה דעה חלק ד סימן מ 

בעניין מילה ופריעה בבת אחת והרדמת התינוק בשעת המילה 

תשובה זו היא התשובה הגדולה האחרונה שכתב מרן זצ"ל בכתי"ק. בתקופה זו הוכבדה עליו הראיה ל"ע, ולאחר תשובה זו, שכתיבתה עלתה לו בקושי רב כתב רק תשובות קצרות. 

ט"ו אלול שדמ"ת נוא יורק 

מע"כ ידידי היקר חביבא דנפשאי הרב הגדול מעוז ומגדול מהר"ר שבתי פרנקל שליט"א שלום וברכת כתו"ח טובה לעולם. 

הנה לפלא שמכתב כתר"ה שנכתב זמן הכתיבה עליו ט"ז מרחשון תשמ"ג, לא בא לידי ולא ראיתיו עד ט"ז תמוז שדמ"ת, שהוא יותר משנה ושמונה חדשים משנכתב. וגם במשך זמן הארוך הזה נזדמן שראיתי את כתר"ה איזה פעמים, ולא הזכיר מהמכתב ששלח. אבל הכי עכ"פ אירע זה. ועתה כשנמצא המכתב והוא בדברי תורה הרי יש עכ"פ החיוב להשיב, ובפרט שהוא לדבר הלכה למעשה ובמצוות מילה החשובה ביותר כדאיתא בנדרים (ל"א ע"ב). 

א. אם יש לחוש כשחותכין את עור המילה והפריעה בבת אחת בסכין, משום שינוי בדרך קיום המצווה 

הנה מה שראה כתר"ה בכאן אמעריקא, שחיתוך עור הערלה, והפריעה בקרום עור הדק, עשה המוהל בחיתוך אחד בסכינו. ע"י מה שמתחילה תחב מחט גס בלא עוקץ, והפריד אף עור הדק שהוא עור הפריעה מעל הגיד, והיו שתי העורות מדובקים וחתכם יחד בבת אחת. הנה כבר נשאלתי ע"ז בשנת תשי"ד, ונדפס באג"מ על יו"ד ח"א סימן קנ"ה מה שהשבתי, שבעצם לדינא ליכא חילוק לא בחיתוך הערלה ולא בהפריעה במה יעשו אותו. דהמצווה דמילה היא שיסירו מעל הגיד שתי העורות שעליו שמכסין העטרה, שהן עור הערלה ועור הפריעה. דפירוש פריעה הוא גילוי, כדפרש"י בס"פ ר"א דמילה (שבת קל"ז ע"ב ד"ה פרע) וליכא חילוק איך יעשה זאת. אבל כיוון דעור הפריעה רך ודבוק בגיד, ואי אפשר במציאות שייתחתך בסתם חתיכת עור הערלה, ואף לא לבדו, אלא בקריעה בצפורנים לקולפו מעל הגיד. ומאחר שהוא דק ביותר אין צורך לחותכו, אלא קולפין אותו מעל העטרה, ומניחין אותו מתחת לעטרה ונדבק לבשר הגיד שמתחבר שם, ונעשה מהגיד עצמו. 

ולא שייך בעצם לעור הערלה עצמה שהוא עב, ואם יעשו בו כך, שיקלפו אותו ויניחו אותו מתחת לעטרה יהיה ניכר וידוע שהוא בשר הערלה שנדבק כאן. ואולי כשימול כך לא יצא המצווה דמילה, דהוא כלא נחתך, מאחר דהוא עדיין על הגוף אך ששינה מקומו. והמצווה נאמר המול לכם (בראשית י"ז, י') שתרגומו הוא למגזר לכון כל דכורא, שפירושו לחתוך. וכן תורגם על כל לשון מילה שבס"פ לך ובפרשת תזריע שהוא לשון חיתוך. וא"כ מסתבר שבעור הערלה צריך דוקא חיתוך ממש. אבל עור הפריעה שהוא עור הדק, שהוא נדבק ממש ונעשה כעור אחד עם הגיד ולא ניכר כלל, סגי אף שלא חתכו ממש אלא דקלפו מעל הגיד והניחו תחת העטרה על גוף הגיד, אף שנתדבק שם וידעינן מזה. 

וגם אפשר שהוא הלכה למשה מסיני, שהיתה שבעור הערלה צריך דוקא חיתוך ולא ישאר ממנו כלום על הגיד, אפילו במקום אחר מהגיד, ובעור הפריעה לא נאמר זה. שלכן איכא חילוק לענין זה בין עור הפריעה לעור המילה, ואיכא חילוק לדינא מגזירת התורה מהלכה מסיני. ואף שלא הוזכר זה שייך לומר כן, מאחר שכן היו נוהגין למעשה כל הדורות. 

עכ"פ זה ודאי שליכא ענין מצוה להניח דוקא עור הפריעה על הגוף, אפילו במקום אחר. וודאי שאם מוהל אחד חתך גם את עור הפריעה ולא הניח כלום, ליכא חסרון בהמצווה - אם רק אינו מוסיף יסורין להתינוק. ומה שבמדרש שוח"ט (במדרש תהלים מזמור ל"ה פסוק ב' הוזכרו צפרניים רק לגבי להסתכל בהם אור ההבדלה, אבל בנוסח המובא בילקוט שמעוני לתהלים סי' תשכ"ג אי' צפרניים לעשות בהם פריעה) הוזכר שבצפרניים עושים פריעה, אינו לדין לחיוב לעשות כך דווקא. אלא מחמת שדרך המוהלים בכל הדורות היתה בצפרניים, שכן הוא יותר נוח לעשות וגם להתרפאות באופן יותר טוב מכשהיה זה בסכין, שלכן נעשה בצפרניים. אבל אם אירע שנחתך בהסכין גם עור הפריעה, פשוט לע"ד שיצא. והוא אף שהיה זה בשני מעשים (חיתוך הערלה וחיתוך עור הפריעה), ואף בשבת יכולין לעשות זה בשני מעשים אף כשאיכא לקמן אומן גדול שיכול לעשות בפעם אחת. 

והנה האומן הגדול שכוונתי לו, הוא כשהוא אומן באופן סתם חיתוך הערלה - שיכול לכוין לחתוך כל עור הערלה ומשהו מעור הפריעה, שיהא נוח לעושה הפריעה לאחוז במקום הפריעה. אבל הרבה מוהלים אין יכולין לכוין כן, ולא חתכו אלא את עור הערלה ולא נגעו כלל בעור הפריעה. ולחזור לחתוך בהסכין מקצת מעור הפריעה הוא דבר קשה מאוד, וצריכין להשתדל שימצא דרך איך להתחיל לחתוך את עור הפריעה שהוא דק מאוד. וצריך השני שהוא הפורע לעשות הכל בצפרניים ולא בסכין, משום שקשה לכוין שלא יחתוך בסכין אלא עור דק כזה, אם לא דאומר דהוא מומחה גדול, ואף באופן זה לא היו רשאין לסמוך עליו. אבל לכתחילה צריך ליקח למוהל את מי שיכול לכוין כשחותך הערלה ליגע בסכינו משהו בתחילת עור הפריעה, כדי שיהא מעשה הפורע בקל ובמיעוט הצער לינוקא. אבל לענין קיום מצות מילה ליכא חילוק בחיתוך שני העורות, דאם לא סילקו את שני העורות מהגיד אינו כלום, ואם הסירו שני העורות מעל הגיד קיים מצוות מילה. אך שאיכא חילוק - דעור הערלה צריך לחתוך כולו מעל הגיד, ולענין הפריעה, כשהסיר והניחו למטה תחת העטרה איכא חילוק, דעור הערלה אסור ועור הפריעה מותר, כדלעיל. 

ב. הטעם שאין מרדימים תינוק לפני המילה 

ובדבר מה שכתב הגאון הגדול מהר"ר שלמה זלמן אויערבך שליט"א בכ"ג מרחשון תשמ"ג לכתר"ה, שבמעשה נזהרים מלשנות מן המנהג אפילו בדבר שאין בזה עדיפות עצם המצוה. והביא שאין משנים ענין המציצה, אף שאיכא בזמננו אמצעים יותר קלים ויותר טובים ממציצה, וגם עושין בשבת אף שאיכא ענין מלאכה. וגם הביא ממה שאין עושין תרדמה להתינוק שלא יצטער התינוק, והוא מפני שאין רוצים לעשות שום שינוי במצוה גדולה זו אף שלכאורה ליכא שום חשש, בדליכא הכרח. אבל ידע נא כתר"ה שמה שאין עושין תרדמה לתינוק הוא משום שלא טוב כלל סמי התרדמה לתינוקות, ואף לא לגדולים. אך לגדולים נותנים סמי תרדמה מפני רצונם, שעדיפא להו עשיית התרדמה מהצער הגדול שיהיה לו לחתוך בשרו בלא תרדמה. אבל לקטנים עושים כפי היותר עדיף להם לבריאותם. ואף כשיש צורך לקטן כזה, דצריכים לעשות איזה ניתוח שיש לחוש שיבכה בקול גדול שיטריד בזה את הרופא שיוכל להתעלם עי"ז במלאכתו בעשיית הניתוח, צריכין ליתן סמי תרדמה. אבל בלא זה אין נותנין סמי תרדמה, שאין זה דבר טוב לרפואת האדם. ולכן אין נותנים סמי תרדמה לעשיית מילה דקטן. ולא מצד שיש איזה חששות בדין לקיום המצוה, ואף לא לסודות המצוה, כשלא ידעינן משום תקלה ומשום חשש. דעיקר דבר המצוה ואף הסודות ידועים לחכמי הדור. 

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